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GK Update

Mon 22 Jun, 2026

NATIONAL NEWS

International Day of Yoga 2026

  • The 12th International Day of Yoga was celebrated on June 21, 2026 with theme "Yoga for Healthy Ageing" (endorsed by the WHO).

Major Events in India

  • Kolkata Main Event: The main national celebration occurred at the historic Red Road in Kolkata, West Bengal, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
  • Yoga Sangam Initiative: Over 6,000,000 organizations registered via the Ministry of Ayush Yoga Sangam Portal to synchronize their local sessions simultaneously with the main event using the Common Yoga Protocol (CYP).
  • Iconic Heritage Sites: The Ministry of Culture and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) activated special mass sessions at 100 historic locations, including the Red Fort in New Delhi, Hampi, Konark, and Mahabalipuram.
  • Armed Forces: Personnel participated from extreme geographic locations, spanning from the Siachen Glacier to naval ships at sea.

Global Celebrations

  • United Nations Headquarters: The Permanent Mission of India hosted an international delegation at the North Lawn in New York on June 18.

Yoga

Yoga is one of the Six Orthodox Schools (Shad-Darshana) of Hindu philosophy. Orthodox schools (Astika) explicitly recognize the authority of the Vedas.

In Indian mythology and yogic lore, Lord Shiva is revered as the Adi Yogi (First Yogi) and Adi Guru.

The Founder: Systematized by Maharishi Patanjali through his foundational text, the Yoga Sutras.

Relationship with Samkhya: Yoga is closely linked with the Samkhya school (founded by Sage Kapila). While Samkhya provides the theoretical framework (dualism of Purusha / soul and Prakriti / matter), Yoga provides the practical methodology to achieve liberation (Moksha).

The Eight-Fold Path: Ashtanga Yoga

  • Yama: Ethical rules and self-restraint (comprises Ahimsa/Non-violence, Satya/Truth, Asteya/Non-stealing, Brahmacharya/Celibacy, Aparigraha/Non-possessiveness).
  • Niyama: Rules for self-discipline and virtuous conduct (Cleanliness, Contentment, Austerity, Self-study, Devotion).
  • Asana: Steady and comfortable physical postures.
  • Pranayama: Conscious regulation and control of breath.
  • Pratyahara: Withdrawal of senses from external objects.
  • Dharana: Fixing the mind onto a single point of concentration.
  • Dhyana: Unbroken, prolonged meditation on the chosen object.
  • Samadhi: Supreme state of liberation where the individual mind merges with the universal consciousness

Global Recognition

UNESCO Recognition: In 2016, Yoga was inscribed on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

DISHA 2.0

  • Union Minister of State (I/C) for Law and Justice Shri Arjun Ram Meghwal has approved the continuation of the Central Sector Scheme ‘Designing Innovative Solutions for Holistic Access to Justice (DISHA)’ restructured as DISHA 2.0 for a period of five years from 1st April 2026 to 31st March 2031 co-terminus with the XVI Finance Commission cycle.
  • DISHA 2.0 (2026-31), a meticulously rationalized and restructured Scheme initiated along with a new component, namely, VIDHI (Vision for Integrated Delivery of Harmonized Legal Initiatives) Sanjeevani. DISHA 2.0 aims to fulfil the constitutional mandate of “Access to Justice” to the people of India as enunciated under the Preamble and Articles 14, 21 and 39A of the Constitution of India and supports the implementation of United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG-16) on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions.

STATE SPECIAL NEWS

Yogandhra 2026

  • Andhra Pradesh’s flagship mass yoga initiative, Yogandhra 2026, has received international recognition from the World Book of Records for its large-scale public participation and successful promotion of yoga across the state.

Andhra Pradesh

  • Formation: 1 October 1953
  • Capital: Amaravati
  • Governor: S. Abdul Nazeer
  • Chief Minister: N. Chandrababu Naidu
  • Parliamentary Representation: 25 Lok Sabha seats and 11 Rajya Sabha seats
  • Classical Dance: Kuchipudi
  • Major Rivers: Godavari (Ganga of the South) and Krishna
  • Leading Producer of: Mica
  • Coastline: India's second-longest coastline (approximately 974 km), after Gujarat
  • Major Lakes:
    • Kolleru Lake (freshwater, Ramsar Site)
    • Pulicat Lake (brackish water, home to Sriharikota Island)
  • Visakhapatnam Steel Plant: India's first shore-based integrated steel plant
  • Major Festivals: Ugadi (Telugu New Year), Sankranti, and Tirupati Brahmotsavam
  • National Parks:
    • Papikonda National Park
    • Sri Venkateswara National Park
    • Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park
  • Major Ports:
    • Visakhapatnam Port (India's deepest natural seaport)
    • Gangavaram Port

INTERNATIONAL NEWS

US-Iran Talks Begin in Switzerland

  • The high-level direct talks between the United States and Iran at the Bürgenstock resort in Switzerland have concluded their first session with a breakthrough agreement on a 60-day roadmap toward a final peace deal.
  • United States Delegation was led by Vice President JD Vance, Special Envoy Steve Witkoff, and Advisor Jared Kushner and Iranian Delegation was led by Parliament Speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi

Key Outcomes of the Summit

  • Lebanon De-confliction Cell: The two sides agreed to establish a joint forum focused on halting military operations and managing ongoing hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah.
  • Strait of Hormuz Safeguards: A direct communication line and specialized maritime mechanism were established to guarantee the safe passage of commercial vessels through the strategic waterway.
  • Economic and Strategic Waivers: Iran secured crucial waivers for oil and petrochemical exports, alongside the launch of a regional development plan and the release of select frozen assets.
  • Nuclear Principles: Mediators laid the groundwork for upcoming technical discussions regarding uranium enrichment limits and monitoring by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

United States (USA)

  • Independence: July 4, 1776
  • Capital: Washington, D.C.
  • A federal republic of 50 states, founded in 1776 after declaring independence from Great Britain
  • The Constitution, adopted in 1789, is the oldest written national constitution in use.
  • Key Conflicts: American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), American Civil War (1861-1865, abolishing slavery).
  • Key Leaders: George Washington (1st President), Abraham Lincoln (Civil War leader), Franklin D. Roosevelt (Great Depression/WWII).
  • Lowest/Highest Points: Death Valley (86m below sea level) is the lowest; Denali (formerly Mount McKinley, 6,198m) is the highest.
  • Major Mountain Ranges:
    • Rocky Mountains: Young, jagged mountains in the West.
    • Appalachian Mountains: Older, eroded mountains in the East.
    • Sierra Nevada & Cascades: Located along the Pacific coast.
  • Major River Systems:
    • Mississippi-Missouri System: Combined, they form the 4th longest river system in the world.
    • Colorado River: Known for carving the Grand Canyon.
    • Rio Grande: Forms part of the border with Mexico.

The Great Lakes: Five interconnected freshwater lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario). Lake Superior is the world's largest freshwater lake by surface area.

SUMMITS AND CONFERNCES

BRICS National Security Advisers Meeting

  • India hosted the two-day BRICS National Security Advisers Meeting in New Delhi and it was chaired by National Security Adviser Ajit Doval.
  • Core Theme of meeting is "Non-traditional security challenges confronting the world today".

BRICS

  • An intergovernmental organization of major emerging economies that serves as a leading platform for South-South cooperation.
  • Coined by: The term "BRIC" was originally coined in 2001 by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O'Neill
  • Formalization: The grouping was formalized in September 2006 during the UN General Assembly in New York
  • First Summit: The first official BRIC Summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, in 2009.
  • Original Members: Brazil, Russia, India, China (joined 2006) and South Africa (joined 2010).
  • Recent Joiners (2024-2025): Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) became full members on January 1, 2024. Indonesia officially joined as a full member on January 6, 2025.
  • Partnership Status: In 2024, a new "partner country" category was created. Current partners include Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Uganda, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.
  • 2025 Presidency: Brazil held the chairmanship with the theme "Strengthening Global South Cooperation for More Inclusive and Sustainable Governance".
  • 2026 Presidency: India assumed the BRICS Chairmanship on January 1, 2026. India is hosting the 18th BRICS Summit.

New Development Bank (NDB)

  • Headquarters: Shanghai, China.
  • Objective: Mobilizing resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies.
  • Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA): A framework created to provide mutual support against short-term balance of payments pressures.

ECONOMY & BANKING

India remains ADB's largest private sector market

  • India remains the largest market for the Asian Development Bank's (ADB) private sector operations in 2026, with the lender targeting approximately USD 1 billion in direct private financing.
  • This follows an announcement by ADB Vice-President (Market Solutions) Bhargav Dasgupta, outlining the capital commitments planned for the year.

Asian Development Bank's (ADB)

  • Establishment & Status: Formed in December 1966; holds official United Nations Observer Status.
  • Headquarters Location: Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.
  • Total Membership Count: 69 members (50 regional members within Asia-Pacific and 19 non-regional members).
  • Leadership Tradition: The President is always Japanese (reflecting the highest shareholding country).
  • Current President: Masato Kanda

Draft of Telecommunications (Spectrum Assignment by Administrative Process) Rules, 2026

  • The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) published the draft Telecommunications (Spectrum Assignment by Administrative Process) Rules, 2026 to establish a regulatory blueprint for assigning radiowaves without an auction.
  • Formulated under Schedule 1 of the Telecommunications Act, 2023, these rules heavily impact state-run entities like BSNL and private satellite communication (satcom) giants like Starlink, Eutelsat OneWeb, and Jio Satcom. [

ART & CULTURE

Human Skeletal Remains from Rakhigarhi

  • Human skeletal remains excavated from the archaeological site of Rakhigarhi in Haryana recently have been formally handed over by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI), a national research institute of repute under Ministry of Culture, Government of India, for detailed scientific investigation.
  • Rakhigarhi, spread across approximately 550 hectares in Haryana, is widely recognized as the largest known settlement of the Indus-Saraswati Civilization.
  • Archaeological excavations have revealed evidence of continuous habitation from the Early Harappan to the Mature Harappan periods, including planned settlements, drainage systems, craft production centres, trade networks, and burial grounds.

Indus-Saraswati Civilization

  • The Indus-Saraswati Civilization, traditionally known as the Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan Civilization, was one of the largest and most advanced urban cultures of the ancient world.
  • Chronology: Belongs to the Bronze Age (Proto-historic period). Iron was completely unknown to these people.

Geographical Extent: Triangular shaped, covering roughly 1.3 million sq. km.

  • Northernmost point: Manda (Jammu & Kashmir) or Shortughai (Afghanistan)
  • Southernmost point: Daimabad (Maharashtra)
  • Westernmost point: Sutkagan Dor (Pakistan-Iran border)
  • Easternmost point: Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh)

Major Sites and Exam-Oriented Highlights

Site Location & River Key Discoveries & Features
Harappa Punjab, Pakistan (Ravi) First excavated site (1921 by Daya Ram Sahni). 6 Granaries in a row, stone symbol of Lingam/Yoni, mother goddess clay figurines.
Mohenjo-daro Sindh, Pakistan (Indus) Literally "Mound of the Dead" (1922 by R.D. Banerjee). The Great Bath, Great Granary, Bronze Dancing Girl, Pashupati Seal, Bearded Priest, woven cotton.
Lothal Gujarat, India (Bhogava) Manchester of IVC. World's earliest artificial Brick Dockyard, double burial (male/female together), rice husk, fire altars, chess-like game pieces.
Kalibangan Rajasthan, India (Ghaggar) Literally "Black Bangles". Evidence of earliest ploughed field, wooden furrow, fire altars, camel bones, and both brick types (burnt and sun-dried).
Dholavira Gujarat, India (Kutch) UNESCO World Heritage Site. Divided into three parts (instead of two). Unique water-harvesting system with huge reservoirs, a stadium, and a 10-alphabet signboard.
Chanhudaro Sindh, Pakistan (Indus) The only Indus city without a citadel. An industrial hub famous for bead-making factories, inkpots, and footprints of a dog chasing a cat.
Surkotada Gujarat, India Notable for providing the actual bone remains of a horse. Also known for pot burials.
Rakhigarhi Haryana, India (Ghaggar) Currently recognized as the largest geographical site of the Indus-Saraswati Civilization.
Banawali Haryana, India (Saraswati) Lack of systematic drainage system. Good quality barley found alongside a terracotta model of a plough.

19th Mumbai International Film Festival

  • The Polish documentary Silver, directed by Natalia Koniarz, won the prestigious Golden Conch for Best Documentary Film at the 19th Mumbai International Film Festival (MIFF).

Major Winners

International Competition

  • Golden Conch (Best Documentary of the Festival): Silver (Poland)
  • Silver Conch (Best Short Fiction): Under The Snow (Iran)
  • Silver Conch (Best Animation): Maya's Song (Germany)

National Competition

  • Silver Conch (Best Indian Documentary): Waai
  • Silver Conch (Best Indian Short Fiction): Small Clouds
  • Silver Conch (Best Indian Animation): Armstrong from Angaalamman Temple Street

Other Major Awards

  • Best Debut Director: Pooja Tolani (Raaza)
  • Best Student Film: The Old Bull Knows, Or Once Knew
  • FIPRESCI International Critics Prize: The Hug of Emptines

ENVIRONMENT + SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Progress of Project Cheetah

  • President Droupadi Murmu visited Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park and reviewed the progress of Project Cheetah, India’s flagship initiative to reintroduce the species in the wild after its extinction in the country.

Project Cheetah

  • Launch Date: September 17, 2022 (inaugurated by PM Narendra Modi).
  • Nodal Bodies: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
  • Project Status: The cheetah population stands at over 50 (with more than 30 Indian-born cubs), indicating successful acclimatization and breeding.

Habitats in India

  • Primary Habitat: Kuno National Park (KNP) in Madhya Pradesh
  • Secondary Habitat: Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary (MP-Rajasthan border)
  • New Sites: Banni Grasslands (Kutch, Gujarat) and Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve (Bundelkhand, MP)

Cheetah

  • IUCN Status: The African Cheetah is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
  • CITES Status: Appendix I.

Deuterated Compounds Production Plant and Commissions Prototype Sodium Cell

  • Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty, Secretary, Department of Atomic Energy & Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission, inaugurated the Versatile Deuterated compounds Production Plant (VDPP) and commissioned the 24 kA Prototype Sodium Cell at the Heavy Water Board Facilities (HWBF), Vadodara.

DEFENCE NEWS

Commissioning of three indigenously built naval ships

  • Prime Minister Narendra Modi commissioned three indigenously designed and built naval ships the stealth frigate INS Dunagiri, survey vessel INS Sanshodhak, and anti-submarine warfare shallow water craft INS Agray at the Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port in Kolkata.
  • INS Dunagiri: As the fifth Project 17A stealth frigate, this vessel is equipped with advanced weapon systems, including BrahMos missiles.
  • INS Sanshodhak: This large survey vessel is designed for detailed oceanographic and hydrographic data collection.
  • INS Agray: An Arnala-class vessel, this craft is tailored for anti-submarine littoral operations with advanced sonar and torpedoes.
  • Project 17A is an ongoing ₹45,000-crore Indian Navy programme to construct seven advanced, guided-missile stealth frigates, upgrading the older Shivalik class (Project 17).

Indian Navy

  • Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS): Admiral Krishna Swaminathan
  • Motto: Shaṁ No Varunaḥ ("May the Lord of Water be auspicious unto us"), sourced from the Taittiriya Upanishad.
  • Navy Day: 4th December
  • Established
  • In 1612 as East India Company's Marine
  • Renamed as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) in 1934
  • Re-christened as the Indian Navy on 26 January 1950

INS Tarkash

  • INS Tarkash reached Port Louis in Mauritius as part of its ongoing operational deployment to the South West Indian Ocean Region.
  • During its stay, INS Tarkash will conduct a series of professional training capsules for personnel of the Mauritius National Coast Guard.

SPORTS

FIH Women’s Nations Cup

  • The Indian women's hockey team clinched their second FIH Women’s Nations Cup title by defeating host nation New Zealand 2-0 in the final.

Key Awards

  • Player of the Match (Final): Lalremsiami (New Zealand)
  • Joint Top Scorer: Deepika and Ashley Sessa (United States)

Abhay-Velavan won at Asian Doubles championships

  • Abhay Singh and Velavan Senthilkumar won the men’s crown for a third consecutive year at the Asian doubles squash championships in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Para shuttler Thulasimathi

  • India’s Thulasimathi Murugesan won two gold and a bronze in the France Para Badminton International in Mulhouse.

Vritti Agarwal

  • Telangana swimmer, Vritti Agarwal smashed Richa Mishra’s record and win the gold medal on the concluding day of the National aquatics championships in Ahmedabad.

India won Women’s 4x100m Relay Gold at Asian Relays Championships

  • At the Asian Relays Championships, India clinched the gold medal in the women’s 4x100m relay at Shaoxing in China.
  • The Indian quartet of Srabani Nanda, SS Sneha, Sudeshna Shivankar and Tamanna clocked 43.85 seconds, a season best.

India won Tri-Nation A Series in Dambulla

  • India A won the Tri-Nation A Series after defeating Sri Lanka A by 66 runs in the final at the Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium.
  • Vaibhav Sooryavanshi was named the Player of the Match in the Tri-Nation A Series Final in Dambulla.

56th Grand Prix Usti nad Labem in Czechia

  • Indian boxers delivered a historic performance at the 56th Grand Prix Usti nad Labem in Czechia, securing a total of 12 medals, including 8 golds, 3 silvers, and 1 bronze.

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