• The highest number of installations was recorded in Maharashtra.
• Maharashtra has become the second state after Gujarat to cross 6 lakh rooftop solar installations.

PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY) :

• World’s largest residential rooftop solar scheme
• Launched: February 2024 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi
• Objective: To provide free electricity to households through rooftop solar installations
• Budget Outlay: ₹75,021 crore
• Implementation Period: Up to FY 2026-27
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
• Implementing Agencies: National Programme Implementation Agency (NPIA) at the national level and DISCOMs at the state level

Subsidy Structure :

• Up to 150 units consumption: 1–2 kW plant; subsidy of ₹30,000–₹60,000
• 150–300 units consumption: 2–3 kW plant; subsidy of ₹60,000–₹78,000
• Above 300 units consumption: More than 3 kW plant; maximum subsidy of ₹78,000

Government Initiatives Promoting Solar Energy :

• Rooftop Solar Programme, 2015
• PM KUSUM, 2019
• International Solar Alliance (ISA), 2015
• National Solar Mission, 2010
• One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG), 2018

• The number of ABHA accounts has increased from over 14 crore in 2021 to 90 crore in 2026.
• This achievement was made possible through active participation of States and Union Territories.
• Top State: Uttar Pradesh with over 15.3 crore ABHA accounts.
• Second Position: Rajasthan and Maharashtra with about 7 crore accounts each.
• 100% Saturation Achieved: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Ladakh, Lakshadweep, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu.
• Among major states, Andhra Pradesh leads with 98.5% saturation.
• Women account holders constitute about 49.75% of total ABHA users.

Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) :

• Launched: September 2021
• Implementing Agency: National Health Authority (NHA)
• Objective: To build an integrated, secure and accessible Digital Public Infrastructure for healthcare.

Key Digital Components :

• ABHA: 14-digit unique digital health ID for every citizen.
• Health Professional Registry (HPR): Central database of certified doctors and nurses, including AYUSH practitioners.
• Health Facility Registry (HFR): Unified directory of hospitals, clinics and laboratories.
• Unified Health Interface (UHI): Open network for teleconsultation and appointment booking.
• Health Information Exchange & Consent Manager (HIE-CM): Secure data-sharing system based on patient consent.

Note: ABHA Card is a digital health identity and record repository, whereas the Ayushman Card under PM-JAY provides health insurance coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family.

• Developed By: Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) in collaboration with Bhashini AI Division.
• Objective: To simplify and democratize the public grievance redressal system.
• Multilingual Support: Supports all 22 scheduled languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
• Voice and Text Inputs: Citizens can register complaints through both voice and text.
• AI-Based Classification: Automatically identifies the appropriate complaint category and sub-category.
• User-Friendly: Citizens no longer need to determine the correct ministry or department themselves.
• According to Dr. Jitendra Singh, annual public grievances have increased from around 2 lakh before 2014 to 25–30 lakh annually due to e-governance reforms.

• Developed With: PSB Alliance, a centralized company established by 12 Public Sector Banks.
• Single-Window Platform: Enables users to search different categories of unclaimed financial assets through a single portal.
• Assets Covered: Unclaimed bank deposits, Insurance claims, Shares and dividends, Mutual funds
• Objective: To connect dormant financial assets with their legitimate beneficiaries.

• Cultural Start: The President commenced his tour with a visit to the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya—a sacred Buddhist site in Bihar.
• Bilateral Talks: His primary bilateral meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled for June 1st in New Delhi.
• Business Engagement: During this visit, he will also travel to India's economic capital, Mumbai, to participate in a major business forum.

Myanmar:

• It is the only country situated at the confluence of India's 'Neighborhood First' and 'Act East' policies.
• Border: India and Myanmar share a 1,643 km long land border, which touches the states of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km), and Mizoram (510 km).
• Gateway to Southeast Asia: Myanmar serves as India's sole land route to the ASEAN nations.
• Maritime Security: Given its location in the Bay of Bengal, it holds significant importance for India's maritime security.
• Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project: This project connects the Port of Kolkata with the Port of Sittwe in Myanmar.
• India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway: This initiative aims to connect India's northeastern states with Thailand and the rest of Southeast Asia.
• History: Myanmar (Burma) was separated from British India in 1937 and gained independence in 1948.

• Commissioning: He joined the Indian Navy on July 1, 1987.
• Specialization: He is regarded as a specialist in Communications and Electronic Warfare.
• Key Commands: He served as the second Commanding Officer of India's premier aircraft carrier, INS Vikramaditya. Additionally, he has commanded the guided-missile destroyer INS Mysore.
• Previous Posts: Prior to becoming the Chief of the Naval Staff, he served as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Mumbai-based Western Naval Command and as the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff.
• Military Honors: He has been conferred with the Param Vishisht Seva Medal (PVSM), Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM), and Vishisht Seva Medal (VSM) for distinguished service.

Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS):

• Rank Level: This is the highest-ranking position in the Indian Navy, holding a four-star (4-Star) rank.
• Appointment: The Chief of the Naval Staff is appointed by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC), which is chaired by the Prime Minister.
• Tenure: The tenure of the Chief of the Naval Staff is for a period of 3 years or until the attainment of 62 years of age, whichever occurs earlier. Admiral Swaminathan's tenure will continue until December 31, 2028.

Indian Navy:

• Established: January 26, 1950
• Navy Day: December 4
• Motto: "Sham No Varunah"
• Chief: Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi
• Naval Commands:
• Western Naval Command (Mumbai)
• Southern Naval Command (Kochi)
• Eastern Naval Command (Visakhapatnam)

• Appointment: He will be India's third CDS (following General Bipin Rawat and General Anil Chauhan).
• Additional Responsibility: He will also serve as the Secretary of the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) under the Government of India.
• Experience: He has had a distinguished career spanning over 37 years in the Indian Army. He was commissioned into the Garhwal Rifles in December 1985.

Chief of Defence Staff (CDS):

• Creation of the Post: The Cabinet officially approved this post on December 24, 2019.
• Recommendations: It was first recommended by the Kargil Review Committee (1999). Subsequently, the Naresh Chandra Committee (2012) and the Shekatkar Committee (2016) also endorsed it.
• First CDS: General Bipin Rawat assumed charge as India's first CDS on January 1, 2020.

Role and Responsibilities:

• Military Advisor: The CDS serves as the Principal Military Advisor to the Defence Minister.
• Head of Department: He serves as the Head (Secretary) of the newly created Department of Military Affairs (DMA) under the Ministry of Defence.
• Coordination: He serves as the Permanent Chairman of the 'Chiefs of Staff Committee' (COSC).
• Nuclear Command: He also serves as the Military Advisor to the 'Nuclear Command Authority' (NCA).

• Commissioning: He was commissioned into the Indian Navy on July 1, 1988.
• Academy: He is an alumnus of the prestigious National Defence Academy (NDA) located in Pune.
• Specialization: He is considered an expert in Gunnery and Missile Defence Systems.
• Experience: He possesses over 37 years of extensive experience across frontline units, strategic headquarters, and tri-services commands.

• Birth: She was born on May 31, 1725, in the village of Chaundi in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. Her father, Mankoji Rao Shinde, was the village Patil (headman).
• Marriage: In the year 1733, she was married to Khanderao Holkar, the son of Malhar Rao Holkar—the founder of the Holkar dynasty and the Maratha Subedar of Malwa.
• Tragedy and Crisis: In the year 1754, her husband, Khanderao, attained martyrdom in the Battle of Kumher. Malhar Rao Holkar prevented Ahilyabai from committing Sati and trained her in military and administrative affairs.

• Runner-up: Ishan Gupta from New Jersey (also of Indian origin).
• Winning Word: Shrey correctly spelled the final word, 'Bromocriptine'.
• Prize Money: Along with the winner's trophy (the Scripps Cup), he received a cash prize of $50,000 (approximately ₹41.5 lakhs) and other reference materials.

Scripps National Spelling Bee:

• Establishment: It was founded in 1925. It is one of the oldest and most prestigious academic competitions in the United States.
• Organizer: It is organized by 'The E.W. Scripps Company'.
• Eligibility: Only students up to the 8th grade (or under the age of 15) are eligible to participate.

1. Maternal Health

• Related Schemes: Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY 2.0), etc.
• Institutional Deliveries: Stood at 88.6% in NFHS-5, rising to 90.6% in NFHS-6.
• At least 4 Antenatal Care (ANC) visits: Increased from 58.5% in NFHS-5 to 65.2% in NFHS-6.

2. Child Immunization

• Related Schemes: Universal Immunization Programme, U-WIN Portal, Cold Chain Infrastructure.
• Full immunization of children aged 12-23 months: Improved from 83.8% in NFHS-5 to 87.1% in NFHS-6.
• Immunization at public health facilities: This figure was recorded at 95.6% in NFHS-6.

3. Child Nutrition

• Related Schemes: Poshan Abhiyan, Saksham Anganwadi, Nutrition Rehabilitation Centres, MAA Programme, etc.
• Stunting: Decreased from 35.5% in NFHS-5 to 29.3% in NFHS-6 (a positive improvement).
• Wasting: Declined from 7.7% in NFHS-5 to 5.2% in NFHS-6.
• Underweight Children: Stood at 32.1% in NFHS-5, showing a marginal improvement to 31.8% in NFHS-6.

4. Health Security

• Related Schemes: Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)
• Families with Health Insurance: Rose to 60.2% in NFHS-6, marking a significant jump from 41.0% in NFHS-5.

5. Family Planning (TFR stable at 2.0)

• Related Schemes: Mission Parivar Vikas.
• Contraceptive Use Rate: Recorded at 69.1% in NFHS-6, up from 66.7% in NFHS-5.

6. Women's Empowerment

• Related Schemes: Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, Stand-Up India, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, etc.
• Women Using the Internet: Nearly doubled from 33.3% in NFHS-5 to 64.3% in NFHS-6.
• Women Holding Bank/Savings Accounts: Rose from 78.6% in NFHS-5 to reach 89.0% in NFHS-6.

• Source of Discovery: Scientists utilized microwave imaging data obtained from the Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (DFSAR) payload aboard Chandrayaan-2.
• Targeted Area: This study focused on "doubly shadowed craters" situated within the Moon's Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs).
• Faustini Crater: The strongest and most definitive signals were detected within a small, 1.1-kilometer-wide crater (designated F2) located inside the massive Faustini Crater, near the lunar South Pole.
• Doubly Shadowed Craters: Scientists have identified a total of four such craters that fall within the 'Permanently Shadowed Regions' (PSRs)—areas where sunlight never reaches.
• The temperature within these doubly shadowed craters remains consistently around 25 Kelvin (-248°C).

Chandrayaan-2:

• Launch: 2019
• Launch Vehicle: GSLV Mk-III
• Launch Site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh)
• Mission Components: 'Vikram Lander' and 'Pragyan Rover'
• Payloads: It carried 8 payloads (one payload, named CHACE-2, detected the noble gas 'Argon-40' in the Moon's exosphere).

Chandrayaan-1 (First Mission):

• Launch Date: October 22, 2008
• Launch Vehicle: PSLV-C11
• Key Achievement: Discovered water (ice) molecules on the lunar surface.

Chandrayaan-3 (Historically Successful Mission):

• Launch Date: July 14, 2023
• Successful Landing: August 23, 2023
• Launch Vehicle: LVM3-M4
• Key Achievement: India [became the first nation to land] on the Moon's Southern [Pole]. It has become the first country in the world to achieve a soft landing at the lunar pole. With this, India is the fourth country to successfully execute a soft landing on the Moon.
• Key Discovery: The rover Pragyan confirmed the presence of elements such as Sulphur at the Moon's South Pole.
• Landing Point: This specific location is known as 'Shiv Shakti Point'.

• Primary Objective: To minimize flight delays, cancellations, and diversions caused by adverse weather conditions.
• Future Expansion: Following Delhi, this system will be installed at the Jewar (Noida) Airport in Uttar Pradesh and subsequently implemented across the entire country.

Developer and Background:

• Mission Mausam: It has been developed under the Government of India’s ambitious initiative, 'Mission Mausam'.
• Ministry: It has been formulated by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
• Scientific Basis: Its foundation rests upon the scientific findings of the Winter Fog Experiment (WiFEX), initiated by the IITM and IMD in 2015.

Key State-of-the-Art Technologies Incorporated:

• Radar Wind Profiler: Measures wind speed, direction, vertical velocity, and turbulence.
• Ground-Based Fog Aerosol Spectrometer (GFAS): Conducts a microscopic study of fog droplet sizes and the interactions between pollution-generated aerosols and fog.
• CL61 Lidar-based Ceilometer: Tracks the vertical structure of fog and provides real-time visibility data.
• Others: It also integrates instruments such as SODAR and Microwave Radiometers.

• Objective: To raise awareness regarding the harmful effects of tobacco consumption.
• Theme for this year (2026): "Unmasking the Appeal – Combating Nicotine and Tobacco Addiction"
• Initiated by: The World Health Organization (WHO) in 1987.
• First Observance: 'World No Smoking Day' was observed on April 7, 1988.
• Designated Date: Began to be observed on May 31st starting from 1988.