• Total Names Removed: Throughout the entire revision process, the names of approximately 91 lakh voters were removed from the list across the state.
• In the first phase (up to February 28), about 63 lakh names were removed; these primarily included voters who were deceased, had relocated, or were absent.
• In the second phase, following a review by judicial officers, the names of approximately 27 lakh additional voters were removed.
• Review Process: Judicial officers conducted hearings for cases involving approximately 60 lakh "logical discrepancies"; of these, about 32 lakh voters were deemed valid and retained on the list, while 27.16 lakh were excluded.

Districts with the Highest Reductions:

• Murshidabad: 4,55,137
• North 24 Parganas: 3,25,666
• Malda: 2,39,375
• South 24 Parganas: 2,22,929
• Purba Bardhaman: 2,09,805

Districts with the Lowest Reductions:

• Purba Medinipur: 19,572
• Bankura: 6,533
• Purulia: 5,942
• Kalimpong: 2,407
• Jhargram: 1,240

• If micro-languages ​​in the state are to be allowed to flourish and develop, then at the very least, those languages ​​spoken by more than 10,000 people should be included as a third language.
• Otherwise, these minor languages ​​will face extinction within the next ten years.”
• Currently, third languages ​​such as Hindi (NCERT syllabus), Kannada, English, Arabic, Urdu, Sanskrit, Konkani, Tulu, and Marathi are taught in the state.
• The KDA's new proposal includes provisions to incorporate other minority languages ​​of the state—such as Kodava, Yarava, Badaga, Arebhashe, and Koraga—as third languages, in addition to Tulu and Konkani.
• The Karnataka Agriculture Department (KDA) has conducted a study on the micro-languages ​​prevalent in the state and has prepared a report.
• According to the report, there are 290 micro-languages ​​in Karnataka. Of these, 27 languages ​​are spoken by more than 10,000 people.
• The number of Kannada speakers in the state stands at 40,622,836, while the number of Tulu speakers is 192,915, Kodava speakers is 110,508, and approximately 26,536 people speak the Yarava language.

• Location: Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu
• Operator: Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI), a PSU under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).
• Significance: This reactor utilizes plutonium fuel to harness India's vast reserves of thorium and produces (breeds) more fuel than the electricity it generates.
• The design of this reactor was developed by the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), and it was constructed by the Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI); both entities operate under the Department of Atomic Energy.
• India's nuclear program is structured in three stages.
• The first stage utilizes Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) powered by natural uranium.
• The second stage—which includes the PFBR—focuses on Fast Breeder Reactors that generate more fissile material.
• The third stage aims to utilize thorium—a resource available in abundance in India—by converting Thorium-232 into Uranium-233 for use in advanced reactors.

• Official Name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
• An island nation located in the Indian Ocean
• Capital: The legislative capital is Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, while Colombo is the commercial capital and largest city
• Main Languages: Sinhala and Tamil are the official languages
• Former Capital/Name: Until 1972, it was known as 'Ceylon'
• President: Anura Kumara Dissanayake
• Currency: Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
• Palk Strait: This narrow sea channel separates Sri Lanka from India
• Highest Peak: Pidurutalagala (also known as Mount Pedro) is Sri Lanka's highest peak (Height: 2,524 meters)
• Longest River: The Mahaweli Ganga is Sri Lanka's longest river, with a length of approximately 335 kilometers
• Independence Day: February 4, 1948 (from British rule)
• Shape of the Island: It is referred to as the 'Teardrop of India' or the 'Pearl of the Indian Ocean'
• Famous Temple: The Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic is located in Kandy
• Festivals: Vesak (Buddha Purnima), Kandy Esala Perahera
• Hambantota Port: Located in the south of Sri Lanka (often a subject of discussion)
• National Sport: Volleyball
• National Bird: Ceylon Junglefowl
• National Tree: Ceylon Ironwood

• They constitute the backbone of India's economy, contributing over 30% to the GDP and approximately 45–48% to exports.

Definition of MSMEs:

• Micro: Investment of less than ₹2.5 crore and turnover of less than ₹10 crore.
• Small: Investment of less than ₹25 crore and turnover of less than ₹100 crore.
• Medium: Investment of less than ₹125 crore and turnover of less than ₹500 crore.

• The total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders during a specific period (typically one year) is known as GDP.
• Significance: It reflects the health of the economy, its pace of growth, and its productive capacity.
• Modern Concept: It was developed in 1934 by the American economist Simon Kuznets.
• Formula for GDP Calculation (Expenditure Method): GDP = C + I + G + (X − M)
• C = Consumption
• I = Investment
• G = Government Spending
• X − M = Net Exports (Exports − Imports)

Main Types:

• Nominal GDP: This is based on current market prices and does not account for inflation.
• Real GDP: This is based on prices from a base year, with the effects of inflation removed. It is a more accurate measure for comparing economic growth.
• GDP Per Capita: Obtained by dividing the total GDP by the country's population; it serves as an indicator of the standard of living.
• In India, GDP figures are released by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).
• The Services sector, Industry, and Agriculture contribute the most to India's GDP.
• With a GDP of US$ 4.18 trillion, India has surpassed Japan to become the world's fourth-largest economy.

• Reference Period: Financial Year 2024-25
• Significance: This survey, in conjunction with the ASI (Annual Survey of Industries) and ASUSE (Annual Survey of Unorganized Sector Enterprises), will provide a complete picture of the non-agricultural economy.
• The GSTN database has been utilized as the sampling frame for this survey.
• Over 1.21 lakh enterprises will be surveyed under ASISSE.
• The NSO has published "Know Your Survey: A User Guide for the Annual Survey of Corporate Service Sector Enterprises (ASISSE)," which forms part of MoSPI's broader outreach efforts aimed at engaging with users and communicating survey processes in a more transparent and user-friendly manner.

• According to this new blueprint prepared for the financial year 2026-27, the overall investment limit has been increased to ₹16.32 lakh crore.
• The existing rules for domestic investors will remain unchanged; this is referred to as the 'General Route'.
• Government Securities (G-Secs): Foreign investors are permitted to invest up to 6% of the total market in this category.
• State Government Securities (SGSs): Foreign participation in state government bonds has been capped at 2%.
• Corporate Bonds: The limit for bonds issued by both private and public sector companies remains unchanged at 15%.

• BC-Banking Outlet (BC-BO): These will provide more comprehensive services, such as account opening, cash transactions, KYC updates, and fund transfers.
• BC-Banking Touchpoint (BC-BT): These will be limited to small-value transactions.

• Launch Date: April 8, 2015
• Main Objective: To provide institutional credit to micro and small industries, enabling them to establish and expand their businesses.
• Type: Central Sector Scheme
• Financing Provision: Under this scheme, loans are disbursed through Member Lending Institutions (MLIs), such as Scheduled Commercial Banks, RRBs, NBFCs, and MFIs.
• Refinancing: This is managed by MUDRA Ltd. (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency), which provides refinancing to MLIs but does not extend direct loans to borrowers.
• Credit Guarantee: Provided through the Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU), established in 2015.
• The scheme offers loans across four categories: Shishu (up to ₹50,000), Kishore (₹50,000 to ₹5 lakh), Tarun (₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh), and Tarun Plus (₹10 lakh to ₹20 lakh).

• The Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) rate has been retained at 5%, while the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) rate and the Bank Rate have been kept unchanged at 5.5%.
• GDP growth is projected at 7.6% for the previous financial year and 6.9% for the current financial year.
• Inflation, based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), is estimated to stand at 4.6% for the current financial year.
• Rising energy prices—driven by the conflict in West Asia—and the potential onset of El Niño conditions pose a risk of escalating inflation.
• Despite strong macroeconomic fundamentals, the Indian Rupee has depreciated further in the year 2025-26 compared to the average levels observed in previous years.

Corononema dhriti:

• It has been named in honor of Dr. Dhriti Banerjee, the first female Director of the ZSI.
• Globally, it is only the fourth known species of this genus.
• Previously, species of this genus had been observed only in Australia, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Epacanthion indica:

• It has been named after India.
• It is known for its complex anatomical structure.
• It possesses specialized jaws and tooth-like structures, which make it a microscopic predator.
• This research team was led by researchers Ritika Dutta and Anjum Rizvi.

• Accountability: Ports and oil companies will be held responsible for the cleanup and scientific disposal of these residues.
• Monitoring: Coastal states are mandated to regularly monitor their beaches.
• Penalties: The rules provide for strict penalties in cases of violation or negligence.
• Environmental Protection: The primary objective is to protect marine life and tourist destinations from toxic oil waste.
• Disaster Declaration: In severe cases, the rules mandate monitoring, reporting, and the declaration of a 'State Disaster'.
• Tar-Balls:
• These are dark-colored, sticky, and semi-solid spheres of crude oil that form in the ocean due to oil spills or waste discharged from ships.
• When oil spreads in the ocean, the action of wind and waves breaks it down into smaller fragments; these fragments then coalesce with marine debris (such as sand and microplastics) to form spherical balls.
• Formation: They are formed through a process known as "weathering," wherein the lighter components of the oil evaporate, leaving behind the heavier hydrocarbons.
• Size: Their size can range from as small as a coin to as large as a basketball.
• Impact on India: These accumulate in large quantities along India's western coast (stretching from Gujarat to Goa) during the monsoon season (April to September).