• Total Cost: ₹1,364.45 Crore
• Kavach Rollout: The 'Kavach' system will be installed in 232 locomotive engines of Southern Railway at a cost of ₹208.81 Crore.
• Electronic Interlocking: At 49 stations of South Central Railway (Guntakal and Nanded Divisions), the old panel interlocking systems will be replaced with modern electronic systems at a cost of ₹578.02 Crore.
• Communication Infrastructure: Communication infrastructure will be strengthened in Northern Railway at a cost of ₹400.86 Crore (PIB).
• North Central Railway (NCR): ₹176.76 Crore has been sanctioned for laying 2×48 fiber OFC cables for the Kavach system.

• It is a very common virus, considered to be the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. This virus constitutes a group of over 200 types, primarily affecting the skin and mucous membranes.
• In India, this is of particular significance as it is the leading cause of cervical cancer in women—the second most common cancer among women.
• Virus Type: It is a DNA virus that is non-enveloped (lacks an outer envelope).
• Target Group: Adolescent girls aged 14 years.

It is primarily categorized into two groups:

• High-risk: HPV types 16 and 18 are the most dangerous, responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases.
• Low-risk: HPV types 6 and 11, which primarily cause genital warts.
• Transmission and Impact
• Transmission: It spreads primarily through unprotected sexual contact and close skin-to-skin contact.
• Associated Diseases: In addition to cervical cancer, it can also cause anal, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. Symptoms: In most infections, no symptoms are observed, and they resolve spontaneously through the body's immune system.

Prevention and Detection:

• Vaccination: Vaccination is most effective between the ages of 9 and 14. In India, vaccines such as CERVAVAC (indigenous) and Gardasil are available for this purpose.
• Screening: Pre-cancerous cells can be identified through Pap Smears and HPV DNA tests.
• Awareness: 'International HPV Awareness Day' is observed annually on March 4th.

• Combination of Dual Roles: To Lam has now become Vietnam's most powerful leader, as he will simultaneously hold both of the country's top positions of power—General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of the Nation.
• Tenure: He has been elected for a five-year term covering the 2026–2031 period.
• Overwhelming Majority: All 495 lawmakers present during the National Assembly session voted in his favor.
• Shift in Tradition: This election marks a significant departure from Vietnam's decades-old tradition of "collective leadership," under which these two positions were typically held by separate individuals.
• Appointment of Prime Minister: During the same session, Le Minh Hung was elected as the new Prime Minister for the 2026–2031 term.

Vietnam:

• Capital: Hanoi
• Largest City: Ho Chi Minh City (formerly known as Saigon)
• Official Language: Vietnamese
• Currency: Vietnamese Dong (VND)
• Geographical Location: Situated in the eastern part of the Indochina Peninsula, the country is shaped like the letter 'S'.
• Borders: It is bordered by China to the north; Laos and Cambodia to the west; and the South China Sea to the east and south.
• Major Rivers: The Mekong and the Red River are the country's major rivers.
• Vietnam's parliament is known as the National Assembly.
• In Vietnamese, its official name is *Quốc hội*.

• Bilateral trade between India and Africa has crossed the $100 billion mark in 2024-25.
• India is Africa's third-largest export destination and ranks among the top five investors, with a total investment amounting to approximately $75–80 billion.
• Fourth India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-IV): This highly anticipated summit is scheduled to be held in New Delhi from May 28 to May 31, 2026, with the participation of heads of state from approximately 54 African nations expected.
• India is the first developing country to have granted duty-free market access to Least Developed Countries (LDCs) on a non-reciprocal basis through its Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme.
• Energy Security: Africa holds immense potential for renewable energy, including 10 terawatts of solar capacity, 100 gigawatts of wind energy capacity, and 15 gigawatts of geothermal energy.

Amul (GCMMF) Achievement:

• Turnover: The total turnover of the Amul brand crossed the ₹1 lakh crore mark in FY26.
• Growth: This represents an 11% increase over the previous year's (FY25) figure of ₹90,000 crore.
• GCMMF Revenue: Individually, the revenue of the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) grew by 11.4% to reach ₹73,450 crore.
• Key Factors: A product portfolio comprising over 1,200 items, an extensive distribution network, and the contribution of 3.6 million (36 lakh) dairy farmers were the primary drivers behind this success.
• Special Distinction: Amul has become India's first FMCG company to achieve the milestone of ₹1 lakh crore (₹1 trillion).

Saraswat Cooperative Bank Achievement:

• Total Business: Saraswat Bank—India's largest urban cooperative bank—has crossed the ₹1 lakh crore mark in total business (Business Mix).
• Historical Context: This is a monumental achievement for the 108-year-old bank, underscoring the inherent strength of the cooperative banking sector.
• Government Commendation: Union Home and Cooperation Minister Amit Shah has congratulated both institutions on this historic achievement, recognizing their contribution toward realizing the vision of "Atmanirbhar Bharat" (Self-reliant India).

• Organizer: World Health Organization (WHO)
• 2026 Theme: "Together for Health: Stand with Science"
• Objective: To raise awareness regarding global health issues and to make healthcare services accessible to all.
• Establishment of WHO: The World Health Organization was established on April 7, 1948. This day is celebrated to mark this anniversary.
• First Observance: The First World Health Assembly proposed the observance of this day in 1948, and starting in 1950, it began to be celebrated regularly every year on April 7th.
• Legal Basis: The Constitution of the WHO was signed by 61 countries in 1946 and came into force on April 7, 1948.

World Health Organization (WHO):

• Nature: It is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for international public health.
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
• Members: Currently, there are 194 member countries.
• Functions: To provide leadership on global health matters, set the agenda for health research, set standards, and provide evidence-based policy options.
• India and WHO: India is a member of the WHO's South-East Asia Region, and its regional headquarters is located in New Delhi.
• World Mental Health Day is observed annually on October 10th.

• His childhood name was Tyag Mal; however, due to his valor, his father (the sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind Ji) bestowed upon him the name 'Tegh Bahadur' (Master of the Sword).
• 115–116 hymns (Shlokas) composed by him have been compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib.
• He laid the foundation of a city named Chak Nanaki, which is known today as Anandpur Sahib.
• Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib (Delhi): The site where he was martyred.
• Gurudwara Rakab Ganj Sahib (Delhi): The site where his cremation took place.
• Hind Di Chadar: He sacrificed his life to protect the religious rights of Kashmiri Pandits and non-Sikhs, for which he was honored with the title 'Hind Di Chadar' (The Shield of India).
• The Government of India is organizing a year-long series of special events from November 24, 2025, to November 24, 2026, to commemorate the 350th martyrdom anniversary of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. The objective of this initiative is to sensitize the youth to his values ​​of sacrifice, the protection of human rights, and religious harmony.

• Organizer: The Indian Express Group
• Distinguishing Feature: These awards were conferred by the Screen Academy (an independent collective comprising over 50 filmmakers and cultural experts), thereby establishing them as one of India's most credible film awards.

Major Winners:

• Best Film: Homebound (Director: Neeraj Ghaywan)
• Best Director: Aditya Dhar (Dhurandhar)
• Best Actor (Male): Ranveer Singh (Dhurandhar)
• Best Actress (Female): Yami Gautam (Haq)
• Most Awards: Dhurandhar – 14 Awards

• Domestic demand for textiles has witnessed robust growth over the past 15 years.
• Market Size: The total market size for textiles in India has grown from ₹4.89 lakh crore in 2010 to ₹14.95 lakh crore in 2024, reflecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8.3%.
• Domestic and Household Demand: Out of the total market, the size of the domestic market stands at ₹12.02 lakh crore, wherein the share of individual household demand is ₹8.77 lakh crore.
• Per Capita Demand: The per capita demand for textiles has risen from ₹2,119 in 2010 to ₹6,066 in 2024, recording a CAGR of 7.8%, which indicates a trajectory of strong growth.
• Estimates reveal that per capita demand for textiles by individuals witnessed robust growth during the same period.
• Contribution of Female Consumers: 55.5%
• Contribution of Male Consumers: 44.5%