• Significance: The Constitution of the country came into effect on January 26, 1950 (The first President, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, hoisted the flag with a 21-gun salute and declared India a complete republic).
• Theme: ‘150 Years of Vande Mataram’
• Main Attractions: India's first indigenous multi-caliber rocket launcher system 'Suryastra', 'Bhairav' Light Commando Battalion and the Indian Army's Battle Array.
• Historical paintings from the 1923 'Vande Mataram Album' were displayed.
• Chief Guests: Ursula von der Leyen: President of the European Commission and António Costa: President of the European Council
• Total Tableaux: 30 (17 from states and union territories and 13 from various ministries and departments)
• Themes of the Tableaux: 'Mantra of Freedom - Vande Mataram' and 'Mantra of Prosperity - Atmanirbhar Bharat'

Tableaux from 17 States and Union Territories and their themes:

• Assam: Asharikandi: Assam's Terracotta Craft Village
• Chhattisgarh: Mantra of Freedom: Vande Mataram
• Gujarat: Mantra of Indigenization: Self-Reliance – Freedom: Vande Mataram
• Himachal Pradesh: Devbhoomi, Veerbhumi
• Jammu and Kashmir: Handicrafts and Folk Dances of Jammu and Kashmir. Kerala: Water Metro and 100% Digital Literacy: Self-Reliant Kerala for Self-Reliant India
• Maharashtra: Ganesh Chaturthi: A Call for Self-Reliance
• Manipur: Towards Prosperity: From Agricultural Fields to International Markets
• Nagaland: Hornbill Festival: Culture, Tourism and Self-Reliance
• Odisha: From Soil to Silicon: Rooted in Tradition, Progressing with Innovation
• Puducherry: Rich Heritage of Crafts, Culture and the Vision of Auroville
• Rajasthan: The Golden Imprint of the Desert: Bikaner Gold Art (Usta Art)
• Tamil Nadu: The Mantra of Prosperity: Self-Reliant India
• Uttar Pradesh – Culture of Bundelkhand
• West Bengal: Bengal in India's Freedom Movement
• Madhya Pradesh: Punyashlok Lokmata Devi Ahilyabai Holkar
• Punjab: 350 Years of the Martyrdom of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji
• 131 Padma Awards were conferred on the 77th Republic Day. These include 5 Padma Vibhushan, 13 Padma Bhushan and 113 Padma Shri awards.
• President Droupadi Murmu approved a total of 70 gallantry awards and 301 distinguished service decorations for the armed forces and security personnel.

• First passenger train: April 16, 1853, Mumbai (Bori Bunder) to Thane, 34 km
• First freight train: 1851, Roorkee to Pirankaliyar (by steam engine)
• First metro rail service: 1984, Kolkata
• First high-speed train (semi-high speed): 2019, Vande Bharat Express (New Delhi-Varanasi)
• First luxury train: 1982, Palace on Wheels
• First electric train: 1925, Bombay VT (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus) to Kurla
• First diesel engine train: 1957, Delhi-Jhansi
• First long-distance train: Punjab Mail (1912, Bombay to Peshawar)
• First computerized reservation system: 1986, New Delhi

• The Uniform Civil Code is mentioned in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution.
• It is a part of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).
• According to Article 44, "The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India."
• It is noteworthy that the Directive Principles are not legally enforceable, but they guide the state in policy-making.

• Prime Minister Narendra Modi and European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen described this agreement as the "Mother of all deals."
• The European Union is India's largest trading partner in terms of goods.
• In the financial year 2024-25, India's total trade in goods with the European Union was approximately $136 billion, with exports of approximately $76 billion and imports of $60 billion.
• European Union: Establishment: November 1, 1993 (under the Maastricht Treaty), Headquarters: Brussels (Belgium), Member States: 27

• The principal national governing body for cricket in India.
• Established: 1928

• Headquarters: Mumbai
• President: Mithun Manhas
• Vice President: Rajiv Shukla

• Event: January 27-30, 2026, Goa (ONGC Advanced Training Institute, Betul)
• Organizer: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India (in collaboration with the Federation of Indian Petroleum Industry - FIPI and dmg events).
• Objective: To promote energy security, sustainability, and investment. This is linked to India's goal of reducing emissions intensity by 45% by 2030 and achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
• Main Theme: Powering Growth, Securing Economies, and Enriching Lives
• It includes 11 distinct thematic zones, focusing on 'Make in India', hydrogen, biofuels, and for the first time, 'nuclear energy' and 'sustainable aviation fuel' (SAF).
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the event and reiterated the target of $100 billion in investment in the oil and gas sector by 2030.

• This artwork was created by blowing red pigment onto a hand, leaving a negative imprint of the hand on the cave wall.
• The fingertips in this stencil are deliberately pointed or tapered, possibly indicating a deep connection between humans and animals or having some symbolic meaning.
• This research has been published in the journal Nature.
• Previously, the record for the oldest cave art was held by a hand stencil from Spain, which was estimated to be around 66,700 years old.

• Inauguration: By the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh, Kavinder Gupta, at the Nawong Dorje Stobdan (NDS) Stadium.
• Organizing Authority: Department of Youth Services and Sports, Union Territory of Ladakh, under the supervision of the Sports Authority of India (SAI).
• Figure skating was included for the first time.
• Team Championship (Medal Tally):
• Haryana: Emerged as the overall champion with a total of 4 gold medals.
• Ladakh: The host team secured second place with 2 gold and 5 silver medals.
• Maharashtra: Finished third with 2 gold and 3 silver medals.
• Telangana: Secured fourth place with 2 gold and 2 silver medals.
• Ice Hockey (Men's): The Indian Army retained its gold medal by defeating Chandigarh 3-2 in a thrilling final. Chandigarh won the silver medal and Ladakh the bronze.
• Ice Hockey (Women's): ITBP won the gold medal by defeating Ladakh in extra time.