Main Cause of the Dispute: The “100-Metre Rule”

• Height: Only those hills will be considered part of the ‘Aravalli’ whose height is 100 metres or more above the local ground level.
• Distance: The distance between two hills should not be more than 500 metres.

Supreme Court's Latest Intervention (December 29, 2025):

• A bench headed by the Chief Justice of India (CJI) Suryakant took suo motu cognizance and stayed this order.
• The Aravalli mountain range spans four major states/union territories: Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat.

Aravalli Range:

• Meaning: 'Aravalli' is a Sanskrit word meaning 'line of mountains'.
• Region: It is located in northwestern India. It extends in a southwest direction from Gujarat (Palanpur) through Rajasthan and Haryana to Delhi.
• Highest Peak: Guru Shikhar, in Mount Abu (Sirohi, Rajasthan), with an elevation of 1,722 meters (5,650 feet).

• INS Vagsheer is the sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine constructed under Project-75 (P-75).
• It is a diesel-electric attack submarine.
• With the commissioning of INS Vagsheer, all six submarines of Project-75 are now part of the Indian Navy: INS Kalvari, INS Khanderi, INS Karanj, INS Vela, INS Vagir, and INS Vagsheer.

• President Droupadi Murmu gave her assent to the Bill on 21 December 2025.
• The Act has replaced the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), 2005.
• The Act guarantees 125 days of wage employment in each financial year to rural households whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual work.

Funding Model:

• For States: 60 : 40 (Centre : State)
• For North-Eastern and Himalayan States: 90 : 10
• For Union Territories (without a Legislative Assembly): 100% expenditure borne by the Centre

• Cause: It is caused by a deficiency or defect in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene.
• Impact: The nerves in the spinal cord and brain gradually degenerate, leading to muscle weakness. Affected children face difficulties in sitting, walking, and even breathing and swallowing.
• Types: SMA Type-1 is the most severe form and is found in infants.

• This is India’s first trade agreement under which a developed country has completely opened its market duty-free for 100% of Indian products.
• Earlier, customs duties had already been eliminated on 98.3% of tariff lines, which will now increase to 100%.
• In 2024–25, Indian exports to Australia increased by 8%.

Key Details of the India–Australia ECTA:

• Agreement signed: 2 April 2022
• Agreement came into force: 29 December 2022
• Bilateral trade target: AUD 100 billion by the year 2030

Arjun Erigaisi (Open Category):

• Achievement: Arjun won the bronze medal in the Men’s (Open) Rapid category.
• Significance: Arjun Erigaisi is currently ranked among the top 5 players in the world, and this achievement highlights his consistent performance at the international level.
• Koneru Humpy (Women’s Category): Achievement: Former World Rapid Champion Koneru Humpy secured the bronze medal in the Women’s Rapid category.

Tournament Summary (Rapid Category):

• Magnus Carlsen won his sixth World Rapid Chess title with a score of 10.5 points.
• Vladislav Artemiev finished second with 10.5 points, while Arjun Erigaisi secured the third position with 9.8 points.

• The 35-year-old all-rounder represented New Zealand in 28 Test matches, 21 One Day Internationals (ODIs), and 20 T20 Internationals.
• Across these matches, he claimed 120 wickets and scored 915 runs.
• During his 12-year international career, Bracewell played a crucial role in New Zealand’s Test victory against Australia in Hobart in 2011.
• In that match, he delivered the best performance of his career by taking six wickets in the second innings, helping New Zealand secure a historic 7-run win.

• Tenure: Sindhu’s term will be for four years, from 2026 to 2029.
• Deputy Representative: Deborah Jil of the Netherlands, a silver medallist at the European Games, will serve as the Deputy Representative to the Indian badminton star.
• Additional Role: Sindhu will also serve as a member of the Badminton World Family Council.