• Author: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
• Year of Composition: 1875 (included in the novel Anandamath)
• Language: Primarily a blend of Sanskrit and Bengali

• First Public Rendition: 1896, at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress
• Declared as National Song: 24 January 1950
• Duration of Singing: Approximately 65 seconds (1 minute and 5 seconds)

• Continent: North America (Caribbean Region)
• Capital: Kingston
• Currency: Jamaican Dollar (JMD)

• Independence: 6 August 1962 (from the United Kingdom)
• Famous For: Reggae music and legendary singer Bob Marley
• Geographical Feature: An island country situated in the Caribbean Sea

• Duration: 7–9 November 2025 (Three days)
• Inaugurated by: Manohar Lal, Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs
• Venue: Hotel Hyatt Regency, Sector-83, Gurugram, Haryana
• Organized by: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India, through the Institute of Urban Transport (India)
• Theme (2025): ‘Urban Development and Mobility Nexus’
• Main Objective: To share innovative solutions, best practices, and new developments at national and international levels for improving urban transport systems.

• Capital: Patna
• Major Rivers: Ganga, Son, Kosi, Gandak
• Major Languages: Hindi, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi
• Important Heritage Sites: Nalanda University, Bodh Gaya (Mahabodhi Temple)

• Capital: Thiruvananthapuram
• Founded: November 1, 1956
• Nickname: "God's Own Country"
• Languages: Malayalam (main), English
• Major rivers: Periyar, Bharathapuzha

• Famous cities: Kochi, Kozhikode, Alappuzha
• Major dances: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Thiruvathira, Koodiyattam, Theyyam
• Major festivals and celebrations: Onam (the state's main festival), Vishu, Thrissur Puri

• Organizers: UN Secretary-General António Guterres and Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
• Objective: Setting the political direction for the upcoming United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP30) and accelerating global climate action
• Topics of discussion: Forests and oceans, energy transition, 10 years of the Paris Agreement, NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions), and climate finance
• India's representation: India was represented at the 'Leaders Summit' by the Indian Ambassador to Brazil. Union Environment Minister Bhupendra Yadav will lead the Indian delegation in the second week of the main COP30 conference (November 10-21).

• Partners: Google (US technology giant) and Mombak (Brazilian carbon credit startup)
• Initiative's Objective: To fund large-scale reforestation projects in the Amazon rainforest to offset carbon emissions generated by Google's data centers.
• Carbon Removal Target: This agreement will offset 200,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
• Significance for Google: Google announced Mombak as its sole forest-based carbon credit provider.
• Global Relevance: This initiative aligns with the upcoming COP30 climate summit in Brazil (being called 'Forest Coop')

• Dominance of the Top 1%:

Between 2000 and 2024, the wealthiest 1% of the world captured 41% of all new wealth generated globally.

• Condition of the Bottom 50%:

In contrast, the bottom 50% of the global population received only 1% of the new wealth created during the same period.

• Gap in Average Wealth Gains:

Since 2000, the average wealth of the richest 1% increased by about $1.3 million (in 2024 constant dollars), while the poorest 50% saw an average increase of only $585.

• India-Specific Finding:

In India, the wealth of the top 1% increased by 62% between 2000 and 2023, which is higher than China (where the top 1% wealth rose 54%).

• Revenue Expenditure: In 2023-24, states spent 62% of their revenue receipts on salaries, pensions, interest, and subsidies.
• 15th Finance Commission Projection: The GST revenue-to-GDP ratio was estimated at 7% in the medium term (but currently lower).
• State Debt Situation: Outstanding debt of states in 2024-25 is 27.5% of GDP, exceeding the FRBM target (20%). Only Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Odisha met the target.
• Interest Expenditure Growth: Interest expenses increased at an average rate of 10% per year from 2016-17 to 2024-25.

• RSF Consensus: The Rapid Support Forces (RSF) accepted the humanitarian ceasefire proposal of the US-led "Quad Mediator Group" (Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE).

Sudanese Conflict (from April 2023):

• Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF): Sudan's official army led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.
• Rapid Support Forces (RSF): Paramilitary force led by General Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo ('Hemedti').
• Cause of Conflict: Power struggle. Both generals staged a coup in 2021.

• Duration: November 3 to 5, 2025 (three days)
• Venue: Lima, Peru
• Objective: Finalize a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the two countries
• Key areas of discussion: Trade in goods, trade in services, rules of origin, customs procedures, dispute settlement, and, most importantly, a dedicated chapter on critical minerals
• Next Round: The 10th round is proposed in January 2026 in New Delhi, India

• Established: 1945
• Headquarters: New York, United States
• Total Members: 15
• Permanent Members (5): United States, Russia, China, France, United Kingdom

• Non-Permanent Members (10): Elected for a 2-year term
• Veto Power: Held only by the 5 permanent members

• Project Name: 'Project Suncatcher'
• Launcher: Google
• Main Objective: To test the capability and feasibility of the infrastructure required for an artificial intelligence (AI) data center in space.
• Technology: This project focuses primarily on harnessing energy from the sun, which is why it is named 'Suncatcher'.

• Test Location: Initial Testing in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
• Launch Date: Launch of initial test satellites in late October 2025
• Long-term Goal: To establish a fully functional AI data center in space by the 2030s, harnessing the sun's abundant energy.

• Country: Spain (It is one of Spain’s most prestigious civil honors.)
• Presented by: King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, and Princess Leonor of Spain
• Award Ceremony Venue: Oviedo, Spain
• Categories: The awards are presented annually in 8 categories, including Sports, Arts, Literature, Science, etc.
• Prize Money: The award includes a cash prize of €50,000 (approximately ₹47 lakh).