Britain:

• Prime Minister Modi's visit: 23-24 July 2025
• Full name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
• Capital: London
• An island nation located in the northwest of Europe
• It consists of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
• Current Head of Government: King Charles III
• Currency: Pound Sterling (£)
• Major River: Thames River

Maldives:

• An island country located in South Asia
• Located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of India
• It consists of 26 coral atolls
• Prime Minister Modi's visit: 25-26 July 2025
• Capital: Male
• President: Dr. Muhammad Muizzu
• Official Language: Dhivehi
• Currency: Maldivian Rufiyaa (MVR)

• The country’s first National Cooperative Policy was issued in 2002
• Constitutional Status: By the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2011
• Constitutional Location: Part IX-B (Articles 243ZH to 243ZT)
• Objective: Provides for democratic formation, autonomy and effective management of cooperative societies
• Fundamental Right: Right of citizens to form cooperative societies under Article 19(1)(c)
• Directive Principles: Article 43B directs the State to promote cooperatives
• Cooperatives are a State subject (registration and control of multi-state cooperative societies are under the Central Registrar and Central laws apply to them)

• Budget Session: February to May
• Monsoon Session: July to August/September

• Winter Session: November to December
• Power to call a Parliament session: Rests with the President under Article 85 of the Constitution

• More than 500 PACS have been identified for warehouse construction under the project, and efforts are being made to complete the construction by December 2026.
• A total of 73,492 PACS from 31 states/union territories have been approved under the scheme.

• Main functions: Protecting maritime borders and demonstrating maritime power
• Establishment: 26 January 1950 (in independent India)
• Origin: Royal Indian Navy (during British rule)

• Indian Navy Day: 4 December (in memory of Operation 'Trishul' of 1971)
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Navy Chief: Admiral D.K. Tripathi
• Divided into three commands
• India's first indigenous aircraft carrier: INS Vikrant

• Founder: Gautam Buddha (563 BC – 483 BC)
• Birth: Lumbini (in present Nepal)
• Birth name: Siddhartha Gautam
• Father: Shuddhodhan (King of Shakya dynasty)

• Enlightenment: Under the peepal tree in Bodhgaya
• First sermon: In Sarnath (Dharmachakra Pravartan)
• Death (Mahaparinirvana): Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh

• The loan which does not repay the interest or principal for 90 days is called a non-performing asset (NPA)
• Example: If a person took a loan from a bank and did not pay the EMI for 90 days, then that account is declared as NPA
• Regulatory body: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

• India has consolidated its position among the leading countries in the world with rapid growth in the field of Patents, Trademarks and Industrial Designs etc.
• India ranks 6th in the world in terms of PETENT filings, and the number of patent applications has more than doubled in the last few years
• Trademark filings have witnessed a growth of nearly 2.5 times and Industrial Design filings have witnessed a growth of more than 3 times

• India's urban population is projected to nearly double from 480 million in 2020 to 950 million by 2050, and cross 1.1 billion by 2070.
• Focus: The study covered 24 cities, including Chennai, Indore, New Delhi, Lucknow, Surat and Thiruvananthapuram, where adaptation roadmaps to tackle climate impacts are suggested.
• Tools: The report used cutting-edge models and tools such as UrbClim and CURB

• Born: 23 July 1856, Chikkan village in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra
• Died: August 1920, Mumbai (then Bombay)
• Nickname/Popular name: Lokmanya (respectfully given by the public)
• Prominent leader of the extremist group of the freedom struggle

• His famous slogan: "Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it!"
• Publications and writing work:
• Kesari (Marathi weekly): Famous for editorials full of nationalism
• Maratha (English weekly)
• Gita Rahasya: Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, written in jail

• Born: 23 July 1906, Bhabra village, Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh
• Death: 27 February 1931, Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh
• Major organization: Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)
• Participated in Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement in 1921 and at the same time named himself 'Azad'
• Associated with revolutionary movements like Kakori incident (1925), Simon Commission protest, and revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai (Sanders murder case)
• Martyred by shooting himself when surrounded by the British in Alfred Park (now Chandrashekhar Azad Park) of Allahabad
• His slogan was: "I am free, will remain free and will die free."

• On 22 July 1947, the Indian Constituent Assembly adopted the tricolour flag in its current form
• Symbolic elements of the Indian Tricolour:
• Saffron colour – symbol of courage and sacrifice
• White colour – symbol of peace and truth

• Green colour – symbol of agriculture, development and prosperity
• Ashoka Chakra – symbol of Dharma, justice and continuous progress (Chakra of Ashoka Pillar of Sarnath)
• Spokes: 24
• Design: Proposed by Pingali Venkaiah
• Length and width ratio: 3:2
• First implemented: 2002

• This day is celebrated in memory of the birthday of Dr. Henrik Sjögren, who identified this syndrome in 1933.

Sjogren's Syndrome:

• It is an autoimmune disease in which a person's immune system mistakenly attacks the moisture producing glands of its own body (such as salivary and tear glands).
• This leads to symptoms like dry mouth and dry eyes.